Wednesday, October 30, 2019

What factors would lead to a rise in the cost of credit in an economy, Essay

What factors would lead to a rise in the cost of credit in an economy, and in what circumstances - Essay Example The formula, when applied, can show the annual rate of interest to be paid towards exhausting borrowed money. Acceptance of credit is often termed as a source of finance to a business due to the fact that it escalates with business expansion. (Siegel, et al, 1997) A nation’s central bank can determine the cost of credit in an economy by either raising or lowering it. For instance; in 1989 the bank of Japan raised the rates of discount by 0.5% to 4.25%. Once the new rate took effect immediately, it would help in stabilising the economy’s prices by curbing the pressures due to inflation and enhance economic growth. The discount rate is applied by the central bank while charging interests in the bank loans extended to other banks. Therefore, the raising of discount rates would amount to a rise in the cost of credit to the whole economy in entirety. An example to illustrate this instance of Japan is the immediate announcement by big banks in Japan, where they said that they would escalate the prime lending rates for long-term funds to 6.8% from the previous 6.5%. (Reuters, 1989) The apt measurement of the credit cost is the prevailing real interest rates in the economy. Market interest rates have been influenced by the inflationary levels and thus cannot present the true meaning of interest rates in the economy. Thus, it is the rise in the real interest rates in a nation that lead to a rise in the cost of credit in the market. Also according to the center for popular economics, the cost of credit in a country may rise due to an increase in taxes. If the real interest rates in an economy and which are reflected in the GDP deflator rose and the taxation levels did the same, they would have an upward effect on the credit costs. (Center for popular economics, 1896) A country’s economy depends so much upon the amounts of credit held by persons in it. Attitudes of people towards the credit can also change the course of things in the

Monday, October 28, 2019

A Problem in the American Education System Essay Example for Free

A Problem in the American Education System Essay This problem will have dire effects on those dropouts as well as other aspects such as financial and health problems. Many factors ultimately push the students off their path to a bachelors degree and end their dreams of ever becoming a doctor or maybe even a businessman. Along with those causes, there are serious consequences for those college dropouts. One effect that happens when a college student drops out of school would be that a huge debt must be paid back and since they dropped out it turn to be a wasted investment. Students looking to go to college, hen dropout have no answer to pay the money back which they were hoping to find a career with a college degree they wanted. Students often put a lot of money into college, thus putting them into debt. When the payments are finally too high for them they cannot afford to stay in school and all the money they put in is for naught. The students are under so much debt after dropping out and have nothing to show for it. That college degree they were hoping to receive at their graduation in non-existent which they were hoping to use as a tool in order to become successful. Who knows hat career a degree could have got them into, maybe a well-paying Job that would keep them from going broke from paying all the loans they used to go to school. All the money that could have been used in order to gain knowledge will be down the drain and the student now would have a harder time paying back those loans and supporting themselves. This also affects the schools and the taxpayers. All the money they are putting into paying and helping students with their schooling has nothing to showing for it. The millions of dollars that are being put into paving the way for the tudents financially do not pay off and instead money is lost. This slows down the whole country as there are less available new young workers to fill the positions of new work. Without a college degree, students earning potential are much lower than those of graduates. In order to pay off debts from loans to go to school and bills, students have to find a source of income and without a degree, finding a Job is much harder. Dropouts have a harder time finding a Job than those already with a degree. With a bachelors degree, it is easier to find Jobs as many opportunities are now open. A cause of college students dropping out is the amount they have to pay for just one semester. As many students do not even have a Job it is difficult for them to support themselves after paying for tuition and also pay for supplies they would later need for classes such as textbooks. A report from the Public Agenda for the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation shows the students from the ages of 22 to 30 years old shows state that their main reason for leaving school is their problems with financial stability. From my experience as of today even now I have a problem having to pay for school at CSULB. Luckily I have financial aid because without it I would it I dont think that I could have survived the first semester of college. Family problems such as having kids during school, or taking care of a sick family member could cause someone to leave college. Having to spend a large amount of time away from thing such as studying for an upcoming test really hurts the students in the long run. This hurts them because it keeps them preoccupied with things that they need to accomplish which is their dream of finding a career in their major and pursue it. Stress develops which may be from the numerous personal problems. Rising uition make students actually have to think about what they buy next. Most students already have to Juggle work and school at the same time Oohnson). I know for a fact that going to college is a hard task even now as a freshman, there is more homework and students have to pay for everything themselves. I understand why most students drop out because they cannot handle the pressure. Another cause for college dropouts is their scores on exams. Of course doing bad on a test will make students fail your class as this is already obvious. Lots of factors also cause students to do poorly on their exams such as stress and financial roblems One final cause for students leaving college early is their lack of motivation and preparation. As most students say their high schools did a poor Job in preparing them for their next step in life stated from a survey by Public Agenda (Crosseley). In college students have to manage their time socially and their time for school. Prioritizing this time is now critical of the all the times spent in school. Being bored really will not help you succeed in receiving a bachelors degree in your hand. For the many college students that attend today that go to college it may be a hard task. Still, college dropouts remain a problem in the American education system.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Interactive Museum Experiences :: essays papers

Interactive Museum Experiences â€Å"I am Richard Nixon, president from 1969 to 1974. I was a lawyer and studied at Duke University Law. I died in 1994,† says Marjorie Cozzens, age 8 (Dooley, 2003, p. F4). The third grade class at Karigon Elementary School, of which Marjorie is a member, were preparing for the opening of their Presidential Wax Museum on Friday, March 7, 2003. Marjorie’s third grade teacher, Renee Bortolini has her class choose a president, learn about them, and on Friday, the students will put their hard work together to create their very own wax museum. The wax museum serves a purpose to help the students learn through an interactive museum experience. Hands on learning helps the students to experience the lesson being taught as well as helping them to apply class instruction to real world applications. Many students are more apt to receive and understand information through visual techniques. Interactive museums can provide teachers with classes and seminars, which help them to incorporate a field trip, plus the pre- and post-work, into an acceptable curriculum. Certain techniques are also beneficial for museums to follow when they are setting up special exhibits. Overall, interactive museum experiences are beneficial to both student and teacher. Techniques used in developing interactive museums Many different techniques are used to develop a children’s interactive museum. Physical objects, including the exhibits and activities should be scaled down to size and should also be built with the mental capacity of elementary school children in mind. Exhibits should not be difficult to understand, and activities should be easy to follow. Multiple items of interest included into one exhibit tend to be too difficult for the youth. When constructing an exhibit centered around a youthful audience, one item of interest should be incorporated into the exhibit so that the youth are able to understand and can follow the exhibit. Organization should also be brought into consideration, so that the student can interpret the exhibit successfully. Finally, these interactive exhibits and activities may be run by the public school district and can even be staffed by teachers (Burcaw, 1997). Within the museum, certain exhibits should be produced to help stimulate the learning abilities of younger children. A city zoo provided the community with an interactive exhibit by building two identical monkey islands side by side.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Jefferson vs Hamilton

Jefferson vs. Hamilton Democratic Republican vs. Federalist Jefferson Image Jefferson acted with democratic simplicity; he made his image plain and disliked people claiming positions that they didn’t deserve. He won the 1804 reelection easily Jefferson eliminated the feeling of majesty surrounding presidency Views He was a political genius, and worked as leader of his party to give the Republicans in Congress direction. Money Washington and Adams had increased national debt and taxation.Jefferson countered this in 1802 by having Congress get rid off all internal taxes, leaving only land sales and customs duties He also cut government spending, which resulted in cutting the debt in half. Military Jefferson scaled down the armed forces and the navy, because he feared limiting civilian freedoms and government. This also promoted overseas trade instead of agriculture. At same time, he established US Military Academy and built up the navy after threats by pasha of Tripoli (rulers i n Libya), which occurred because Jefferson’s end to paying ransom demanded by pirates.Social Composition Jeffersonians, for the most part, were artisans, shopkeepers, frontier settlers, or owners of small farms in the interior regions of the South and West. Government (Democratic Republican) Jeffersonians favored a form of government that was more democratic than that of England. Jeffersonians thought that the common people were capable of self-government. They wanted to establish a small property owner's democracy. Jeffersonians desired to increase the opportunities for the common people to participate in government by lowering voting qualifications.Jeffersonians favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution to limit the powers of the central government and conserve state rights. Jeffersonians wanted to reduce the number of federal officeholders. Hamiltonians Social Composition Hamiltonians, for the most part, were merchants, bankers, manufacturers, or professional men from New England and the Atlantic seaboard, along with some wealthy farmers and southern planters. Government (Federalists)Hamiltonians admired the English aristocracy and the English system of government and wished to see it used as a model. Hamiltonians considered the common people ignorant and incapable of self-government. Hamiltonians desired high voting qualifications, claiming that unfettered democracy was anarchy. Hamiltonians favored a broad interpretation of the Constitution to strengthen the central government at the expense of state's rights. Hamiltonians wanted an expanding bureaucracy. Hamiltonians, under certain circumstances, favored restrictions on speech and the press. Issue |Hamilton |Jefferson | |BUS ( Bank of the United States) |Yes |No | |Constitution Interpretation |Broad |Strict | |Tariff |Yes |No | |Region |North |South | |Federalism |Strong National Government |States | |Culture |Urban/Industrial |Farmers/Agrarian | |Whiskey Rebellion |Vote |Civil Disobedie nce | |Foreign Alliance (England/France) |England |France | |French Revolution |No |Yes |

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

The Problem That Has No Name

Friedan points out that the average age of marriage was dropping and the birthrate was increasing for women throughout the 1950s, yet the widespread unhappiness of women persisted, although American culture insisted that fulfillment for women could be found in marriage and housewifery; this chapter concludes by declaring â€Å"We can no longer ignore that voice within women that says: ‘I want something more than my husband and my children and my home. ‘ â€Å"All [women] had to do was devote their lives from earliest girlhood to finding a husband and bearing children,† (Friedan 16).This philosophy may seem out dated today. With the great feminist movements from the women of the Victorian Era and the 1970's the idea that women can only be housewives is a thing of the past, but not of the distant past. In  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Lamb to the Slaughter† the main character is the perfect housewife who faces the problem of losing her husband; a real tragedy for any woman at any time, but even more so for the totally dependent, pregnant housewife. â€Å"Lamb to the Slaughter,† by Roald Dahl, is one of those stories that forces readers to question what is good and what is evil, what is just and what is unfair.The Feminine Mystique  implicated  women's magazines, other media, corporations, schools and various institutions in U. S. society that were all guilty of relentlessly pressuring girls to marry young and fit into the fabricated feminine image. Unfortunately, in real life it was common to find that women were unhappy because their choices were limited and they were expected to make a â€Å"career† out of being housewives and mothers, excluding all other pursuits.Betty Friedan noted the unhappiness of many housewives who were trying to fit this feminine mystique image, and she called the widespread unhappiness â€Å"the problem that has no name. † According to Betty Friedan, the so-called feminine image benefited advertisers and b ig corporations far more than it helped families and children, let alone the women playing the â€Å"role. † Women, just like any other humans, naturally wanted to make the most of their potential. How Do You Solve a Problem That Has No Name? In  The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan analyzed the problem that has no name and offered some solutions.She emphasized throughout the book that the creation of a mythical â€Å"happy housewife† image had brought major dollars to advertisers and corporations that sold magazines and household products, at a great cost to women. She called for society to revive the 1920s and 1930s independent career woman image, an image that had been destroyed by  post-World War II  behavior, women’s magazines and universities that encouraged girls to find a husband above all other goals. Betty Friedan's vision of a truly happy, productive society would allow men and women to become educated, work and use their talents.When women igno red their potential, the result was not just an inefficient society but also widespread unhappiness, including  depression  andsuicide. These, among other symptoms, were serious effects caused by the problem that had no name. In an excerpt from her book, â€Å"The Feminine Mystique†, Betty Friedan defines women's unhappiness during the Fifties as †the problem that has no name. † She identifies â€Å"the problem that has no name† as upper-middle classed suburban women experiencing dissatisfaction with their lives and an inarticulated longing for something else beside their housewifely duties.She pins the blame on a media perpetuated idealized image of femininity, a social construction that tells women that their role in life is catch a man, keep a man, have children and put the needs of one's husband and children first. According to Friedan, women have been encouraged to confine themselves to a very narrow definition of â€Å"true† womanhood, fors aking education and career aspirations in the process by experts who wrote books, columns and books that told women during that era that their greatest role on the planet was to be wives and mothers.The role of a â€Å"real† woman was to have no interest in politics, higher education and careers and women were taught by these experts to pity women who had the nerve to want a life beyond the cult of true womanhood. If women expressed dissatisfaction with their charmed lives, the experts blamed their feelings on the higher education they received before becoming a housewife. During the fifties, little girls as young as ten years were being marketed by underwear advertisers selling brassieres with false bottoms to aide them in catching boyfriends and American girls began getting married in high school.America's birthrate during this time skyrocketed and college educated women made careers out of having children. The image of the beautiful, bountiful Suburban housewife was accept ed as the norm and women drove themselves crazy, sometimes literally to achieve this goal. Friedan ultimately concluded that â€Å"the problem that has no name† is not a loss of femininity, too much education, or the demands of domesticity but a stirring of rebellion of millions of women who were fed up with pretending that they were happy with their lives and that solving this problem would be the key to the future of American culture 1.According to Betty Friedan, how were women pressured into accepting the role of â€Å"housewife† in the post-World War II years? 2. What is the â€Å"problem that has no name†? What caused the problem? 3. What solutions does Friedan suggest? The Feminine Mystique  is credited as having started the second wave of feminism in America. With this in the forefront of my mind this week, I tumbled through the first chapter of  The Feminine Mystique. Uncertain as to what I would find when I started out, I was a bit astonished to fin d the ideas of this feminist hero a bit hyperbolic and too general to reach the conclusions that she does.I want to get your take on it,  though. So whether you’ve read it or not, read below and let me know what you think. First of all, Betty Friedan defines â€Å"the problem that has no name† as â€Å"a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction† which results in each suburban American housewife asking herself the silent question â€Å"Is this all? †Ã‚  as she does the daily chores, makes meals, drives the kids to and fro and then goes to sleep beside her husband at night. Friedan also says â€Å"the problem† is seen in  a mother of four who dropped out f college when she was nineteen and later told Friedan: â€Å"I’ve tried everything women are supposed to do – hobbies, gardening, pickling, canning, being very social with my neighbor, joining committees, running PTA teas. I can do it all, and I like it, but it doesn’t leave you anything to think about – any feelings of who you are. I never had any career ambitions. All I wanted was to get married and have four children. I love the kids and Bob and my home. There’s no problem you can even put a name to. But I’m desperate. I begin to feel that I have no personality.I’m a server of food and a putter-on of pants and a bedmaker, somebody who can be called on when you want something. But who am I? † The question this young mother asks is one ubiquitous in the minds of all women. One, I know which I have asked myself. Its a question that needs an answer, whether you’ve gone to college or not, had a career or not, or gotten married or not. This young mother is aware of her actions and seems to have struggled with the thought that if she is the sum of her total daily actions, she is a nobody and therefore, offers no significance or value to the world . . . seems indeed nightmarish.This is exactly what Friedan wants young women to think – that  we are what we do. That we are the sum of our total daily actions. If we go so far as to say yes, everyone is thus marginalized into the mundane deeds of their lives. Really, if a mother is just a putter-on of pants, a server of food, and a bedmaker, then any CEO or manager is just a signer of documents and a filler of a chair in meetings. Such a generalization sounds absurd and laughable about a CEO – likewise, to me, it seems that it is absurdity to think that a wife and mother is only a putter-on of pants, a server of food, and a bedmaker.We all know that a CEO does more than signs documents and sits in a chair in meetings. He or she leads a company or organization. He or she establishes a culture for a team to function in. He or she manages the team which has been entrusted to them by a board or founder. It is indeed a sobering position – that of a CEO. Likewise, a mother does more than puts pants on their children, serves foo d, and makes the beds. In comparison to the â€Å"career† world, the work of a wife and mother is focused on people not percentages.Since I’m not a mother, I cannot speak from personal experience to all that a mother does. If you read this and you are a mother, what do you do everyday? Do you feel that you are what you do? Or do you see it as the duty of a greater responsibility? And if it’s not to much to ask, why do you do what you do? If you read this and you are not a mother, what does the position of mother seem to you? What does it mean to be a mother? Do you think they are only the maker of sandwiches and beds? In the meantime, keep living the dream. As listed below **, we can see that the definition of â€Å"housewife†Ã¢â‚¬â€œwhat Ms.Friedan was really wrestling with when she penned her thoughts–emphasizes that a woman who manages the household that she and her husband and children take refuge in, is given much authority. This woman is â₠¬Å"in charge†, she is a â€Å"manager†, she â€Å"takes care of domestic affairs†. ( Every government in the Western world has an office of Domestic Affairs! ) A woman who is married and sees to the affairs of her household or domicile is in a position of tremendous authority and influence, she directly impacts all of the individuals–husband, children, neighbors, etc. ho move within her sphere of sovereignty. According to Rita W. Kramer, author of â€Å"Peanut Butter On My Pillow†, â€Å"we let housewifery become a mediocre,monotonous task when we fail or refuse to see the nobility of it. † Since 1979 I’ve been married to the same, outstanding husband, and since 1981 I’ve birthed 9 children and with my husband have raised them up to be responsible students, then productive professionals, then husbands, wives and parents as well as committed community members.If there’s a â€Å"problem without a name† it would be ho w to find the correct noun to accurately envelope ALL that being a housewife really entails: cook, laundress, cleaning supervisor, the encourager, exhorter, cheerleader, behavior modifier, and even above all that†¦. the keeper of the home†¦the one who tries, although imperfectly, to protect and preserve a safe haven for all of those who take refuge within our walls. **Definitions of â€Å"Housewife†: a wife who manages a household while her husband earns the family income wordnetweb. princeton. du/perl/webwn A woman who manages a home and takes care of domestic affairs. http://www. nps. gov/archive/hofu/TEACHERS/vocab. html a married woman in charge of a household merriam-webster. com/dictionary Here’s to each and every woman who finds the rare jewel of contentment in her full time job as wife and mother, If you ask a young girl what she wants to be when she grows up, she may tell you she wants to be a doctor, lawyer, or even a teacher. That is what any child would perceive their future to become, just like their parents.But what that little girl is unaware of, is that if she had lived a little over 150 years ago, her future dreams would be quite different. Women living a life of religious freedom, having a voice in government, and attending schools is normal in our everyday lives as we reach the new millennium . However, women did not always have an equal say or chance in life. In our American History, women have demonstrated and worked for reform of women's rights. Through seven generations, it took many meetings, petition drives, lobbying, public speaking, and nonviolent resistance to make our world the way it is now.The Women's Rights Movement begins its task on July 13th, 1848, where a lady named Elizabeth Cady Stanton decided enough was enough, and she started the fight for her rights as well asall women's rights. Within the next week of her decision she held a convention in Seneca Falls called, â€Å"A convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman†. Stanton created a list to present called â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† which stated areas in life where women were treated unjustly. *1)    After the second day of the convention, every resolution on her declaration was passed except the one that called for women the right to vote. As time passed, however, many conventions were held all the way up to the Civil War. Women just like Stanton, such as Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, and Sojourner Truth traveled throughout the country lecturing and organizing for the next forty years. A 72 year battle includes many speakers, political strategists, organizers, lobbyist, and so forth, until what is needed is done. Thousands of people participating in the movement to now win â€Å"that most basic American civil right†

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

The Internet essays

The Internet essays For thousands of years, people have always had a need to exchange and gather information accurately and efficiently. As time went by, technology took on many changes and greatly improved the way information is produced and gathered in todays business environment. Some of the first major devices were the invention of the telephone and later the answering machine. These tools helped businesses take on new shapes and forms. With the birth of computer technology, information has taken on dramatic advances that have forever changed todays business. The Internet, which was first invented for classified communication use by the U.S. Government, is now used by practically every business, from small to large and domestic to foreign. Amazingly, the Internet has significantly narrowed the communication gap bordering people and business. This technology has increased the speed of business, brought together a global business community, and greatly changed the way that information is gathered and produced. The use of the Internet is so great that firms have become dependent on its technology to the point where it is needed to maintain a competitive place in todays realm of business. Most people and businesses use the Internet vastly to advertise, provide and retrieve important information, and to link together communication between employees within businesses. The Internet has also changed the way business people interact through the use of communication devices such as electronic mail, teleconferencing, webcasting, and telecommunications. Most have become dependent on electronic mail and they correspond on a regular basis. E-mail, like the Internet, and other forms of electronic communication, have spread so rapidly throughout business that most could not perform efficiently without them. With the advances made in the Internet, e-mail, and te...

Monday, October 21, 2019

cf intro Essay Example

cf intro Essay Example cf intro Essay cf intro Essay LBSlM-2013-1 *Term-II Introduction to Corporate Finance Some Recent Business News Reliance Industries declares 150% dividend India Nippon shareholders approve 7:10 bonus issue Introduction to Corporate Finance 2 What is Corporate Finance about? ? Financial Decisions made by Corporations. ? Financial decisions relate to: Where to invest the firms resources (Investment Decisions) How to raise resources for the firm (Financing Decisions) How to reward the owners of the business (Dividend Decisions) ? Corporate Finance provides answers to these issues. Investment Decisions ? Firms have scarce resources which must be allocated mong competing uses. ? Resources may be used for : Revenue Generating Cost Saving Projects Strategic Decisions Introduction of a New Product Replacing old equipment with new equipment Which markets to enter Acquisition of other companies ? While taking Investment Decisions, we measure the Benefits (Returns) from the proposed Investment projects and compare with Mini mum Acceptable Hurdle rate to decide acceptance or rejection. 4 Investment Decisions (Contd. ? Minimum Acceptable Hurdle rate should be set so as to reflect: Risk profile of the project (Higher hurdle rate for riskier projects), and Financing mix of the project Projects with different Risk Profiles Less Risky More Risky 5 ? Investment Decisions are concerned with: Establish Minimum Acceptable Hurdle Rate appropriate to the investment proposal Measuring Benefits (Returns) from the investment proposals, Comparing benefits with minimum acceptable hurdle rate in order to accept (or reject) the project. Invest in assets that earn a return greater than the minimum acceptable hurdle rate 6 Financing Decisions ? How should firms raise Financial resources required? ? Businesses can broadly raise funds either through: Owners Fund (Equity) Borrowed Funds (Debt) ? Financing Decision involves : Finding an optimal mix between Debt Equity (Capital Structure), and Type of Instrument Long Term Vs. Short Term, Fixed Rate Vs. Floating Rate, Straight Vs. Convertible, Domestic Markets Vs. International Markets. Choose a financing mix that matches the characteristics of assets being financed. Dividend Decisions ? Dividend is any reward by the firm to its shareholders. ? Firms have to decide about what to do with the surplus generated by the firm i. e. : Reinvest into the business (Plough back) , or Distribute as Dividend (reward the shareholders) Amount of Dividend (Dividend Payout) Stability of Dividend (Trend) Forms: Cash Share Repurchase 8 Dividend Decisions (Contd. ) ? Trade-off between re tention distribution is to be made. When the firm is small and has attractive investment opportunities, profits are retained and reinvested. Ata later stage in a firms life cycle when the funds generated are greater than the investment requirements, the firm has to decide about ways of returning the excess cash to the owners. If there are not enough investments that earn the hurdle rate, return the cash to the owners. 9 Linking Financial Decisions with Firms Objective Investment Decision Financing Decision Dividend Decision Invest in assets that earn a return greater than the minimum acceptable hurdle rate Choose the financing mix that maximizes the value of the projects taken , and matches the assets being financed. If there are not enough investments that earn the hurdle rate, return the cash to the owners. Maximize the value of the Firm 10 Objective of the Firm ? How do we Judge the correctness of these decisions? ? The basic objective of Financial Management is: to maximise the value of the firm ? Any decision (Investment, Financing, or Dividend) that ncreases the value is considered good and which reduces the value is considered as poor. Value of the firm is, therefore, dependent on Firms Investment, Financing Dividend Decisions. 11 What is Firm Value? Maximization of Value of the Firm Maximization of Shareholders Value Maximization of Stock Price of the Firm Debt holders can protect themselves contractually. Stock price is an observable real measure of stockholder wealth. 12 Owners (Shareholders) Agents (Top Management) Main Features ? Separation of Ownership Management ? Legal Person ? Limited Liability of shareholders ? Shareholders are distinct from the company Level-I Management Level-II Management Level-V Management 13 Agency Problem ? Shareholders appoint agents (Management) to conduct the business of the company. ? As agents, the management should take decisions to maximize shareholders ? Shareholders delegate decision-making authority to Management hoping that agents will act in shareholders best interests. ? However, in actual practice, the objectives of the management may differ from those of the shareholders. ? Managers may take decisions in their own interest rather than in the interest of the hareholders. ? This pro blem of management (agents) not acting in the interests of their principals (shareholders) is called the Agency Problem. 4 ? Divergence of ownership and control: Those who own the company (shareholders) do not manage it, but appoint agents (management) to run the company on their behalf. ? Difference in Objectives of Management Shareholders: Managers are likely to maximize their own wealth rather than the wealth of shareholders. ? Asymmetry of information: Management, as a consequence of running the company on a day-to-day basis, has access to nside information while shareholders receive annual reports which may themselves be manipulated by the management. 5 Resolving Agency Problem ? Jensen Meckling (1976) suggested methods to deal with agency problem which encourage goal congruence between shareholders managers. ? Monitor the actions of the Management: Audit of Financial statements by independent Auditors; Shadowing of Senior Managers; Employment of External Analysts. ? Incenti ves to Managers: Stock options; Bonus ; Perquisites Punishments ? Both methods involve costs- an inevitable result of the separation of ownership and ontrol of a company. ? Lower the control, lower chances of managers behaviour being consistent with the shareholders, higher the Agency costs. ? Agency costs-(a) when managers do not attempt to maximizes firm value , and (b) shareholders incur cost to monitor managers. Introduction to Corporate Finance 16 Financial System -An Overview Financial System : An Overview ? In any economy there are two types of economic units: Surplus Units, and Deficit Units. Investments are less than their Incomes. (C+l Y) ? Such units have negative savings and need to borrow funds. ? A system through which the savings of Surplus Units are transferred to Deficit Units is called the Financial System. Introduction to Corporate Finance 18 Provide Funds Receive Funds Suppliers of Funds Users ? Financial Markets ? Financial Institutions ? Financial Instruments Services Buy Securities Issue Securities 19 Financial System (Contd. ? Financial System consists of the following three components, which facilitate the ransfer of funds : Financial Markets surplus units to deficit units Centres that provide the facility of buying selling of financial claims Financial Institutions Organisations which channelise funds from Surplus Units to Deficit Units thereby act as mobilisers depositories of savings, and creators of credit. E. g. Commercial Banks, Insurance Cos. Mutual Funds, Developmental Financial Institutions, NBFCs Financial Instruments Claims of the lenders of funds over the funds lent to the borrowers. 20 Financial System Defined ? Financial system refers to a set of complex, interlinked markets, institutions, nstruments and services in the economy which facilitate the transfer and allocation of funds efficiently and effectively. 1 Classification of Financial Markets Maturity of Claim Seasoning of Claim Nature of Claim ? Money Market ? Capital Market ? Primary Market ? Secondary Market ? Debt Market ? Equity Market ? Spot Market Timing of Delivery Structure ? Forward/Futures Market ? Exchange Traded Market ? Over-the-counter Market Financial Markets Capital Money Markets Money Markets: Deal (trade) in debt securities of maturities of one year and less. Economic entities with excess funds for short durations lend (buy short-term instruments) to economic entities which face shortage of funds for short duration (sell short-term instruments). Money Market Instruments: Treasury Bills (T-Bills) Call/Notice Money Repurchase Agreements (Repos) Commercial Bills of Exchange Commercial Papers (CPs) Certificates of Deposit (CDs) No physical location, but an Over-the-counter (OTC) Market; trades are conducted via telephones, wire transfers, and Introductioncomputer trading. to Corporate Finance Capital Markets Deal in long-term securities (equity and debt) having maturities of more than one year.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

When Shortening Synchronize, Best Leave Off the h

When Shortening Synchronize, Best Leave Off the h When Shortening â€Å"Synchronize,† Best Leave Off the â€Å"h† When Shortening â€Å"Synchronize,† Best Leave Off the â€Å"h† By Maeve Maddox Computer users are often concerned with synchronizing their various programs and machines. The process is so common that the three-syllable word synchronize is usually shortened to its first syllable. The one-syllable shortening has become so acceptable that both the OED and Merriam-Webster have entries for it. Both sync and synch are given as spellings, and a browser search indicates that both forms are in about equal use: How to Synch Outlook How to Synch Google Calendar with a SmartPhone How to Sync Google Services With Your Mobile Device How to sync an iPhone with two (or more) Computers How to sync with .Mac and connected devices How to synch new records between two tables ? The spelling synch presents no difficulty of pronunciation to speakers who know the origin and pronunciation of the shortened word. synchronize [(sÄ ­ngkrÉ™-nÄ «z] c.1624, to occur at the same time, from Gk. synchronizein be of the same time. However, while the spelling sync [sÄ ­ngk] preserves the sound of the first syllable of synchronize, the spelling synch suggests the pronunciation [(sÄ ­nch]. Sounds of ch The English spelling ch can represent three different sounds. The first and most common sound is the sound heard at both ends of church. The second sound represented by ch is [k]. This spelling applies to words from the Greek, words like synchronize. However, the trouble with shortening the Greek word synchronize to synch is that the overwhelming (and pattern-forming) majority of one-syllable English words ending in ch are pronounced with the first sound of ch: each, itch, beach, coach, fetch, march, mulch, peach, porch, which. etc. The pronunciation shift may have already begun What provoked this post was a spelling I noticed in a scientific article on the topic of amino acids. The writer makes the topic interesting by explaining chemical processes in popular terms. In one example he compares cells and proteins to words and letters. He postulates a game hosted by Regis Philbin (italics mine): You can rotate each wheel at will and then press a button to see if the combination that you chose is one of the one million winning combinations.  You can keep doing this until you give up.   You think that this game is a synch.   The intended word is cinch [sÄ ­nch], in the sense of â€Å"something easy to accomplish.† I rest my case. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:English Grammar 101: All You Need to Know"Gratitude" or "Gratefulness"?One "L" or Two?

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Should the U.S. take action to halt North Korea's nuclear weapons Research Paper

Should the U.S. take action to halt North Korea's nuclear weapons program - Research Paper Example 4. The radiation released from attacks against nuclear weapons facilities could kill thousands and be deadly for years to come. 5. The North Korea will become part of the community of nations. Cons: No the U.S should not take action to halt the South Koreas Nuclear Program because†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1. It will leave the smaller countries such as North Korea defenseless since it is the world’s only superpower. 2. Failure in reconciliation between the two Koreas 3. The U.S.A will end up being seen as a weak nation: running away from a challenge. 4. It could worsen the existing humanitarian situation in South Korea. 5. This will trigger vulnerability causing the other nations to develop their own nuclear weapons program. It is thought that if the USA takes action to halt the nuclear weapons program then there will be a reduced probability that those weapons of destruction will be sold to terrorists. This is because the developers will choose to sell them to the highest bidder s who may as well be terrorists.i This will only be increasing the chances of attacks and generating more insecurity. Again since it is clear that the North has the full capability of developing their own destructives, the USA is posing as destruction and if the USA falls out of place then they will remain at will liberty to develop as much mechanism as possible. As the United States takes action to halt this program it has in consideration the security of their citizens. In coming into the process it is trying to enhance and offer its citizens with the protection with which it is charged. If it calls off its efforts then the country’s security will remain at stake and become more vulnerable. The efforts also help to control the amounts of radiations released in the process. The radiations are extremely harmful and can lead to deaths of many.ii Once the USA halts its efforts then the relationship between the two states will forever remain uncertain and the North Korea will lo se its chance of becoming a part of the community of nations. This can only be achieved through negotiations of six parties which have time and again been held. Through this joint party the USA can be able to lead the others in disabling the Process The United States of America is the only form of super power. Its main responsibility is to intervene whenever any state is exposed to threats. Back from the time of cold war to the current war against terrorism intervention has proved to be Americans Foreign Policy. The state has the responsibility of preserving the liberty of others, protecting virtual national interests and ensuring consistent international stability. The prevalence can be backed by the case of America intervening in the NATO-lead-peace keeping mission in Bosnia. If the United States fails to protect the inferior states then it will leave them in a distress and helplessness. Although for sometimes the South Korea perceived the USA to be an obstacle in attaining the re conciliation between the two Koreas, this has however changed with time. The USA is willing to give support to the South in any way, from the transition to democratic politics that is aimed at bringing remarkable changes.iii The States has great influence on the South and this has leaded them to drop the previous assumptions of it being a liability. The North Korea seems to have a very big failure, when it comes to the aspect of policies it uses. It becomes even more mixed up with the

Earth by Bill McKiben Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Earth by Bill McKiben - Essay Example In addition, we cannot separate current economies from carbon emission and hence the world will continuously become devastated. Global warming and melting of mountain capes ice are some of the indicators of the destructive effects of our carbon dioxide driven economies. Unlike the original earth, the eaarth has a production rate that greatly exceeds the earth holding capacity. The author is also concerned about the measurement of global economic growth rate and the preference that people have on positive economic growth. Positive economic growth results when the total production in a country exceeds consumption or people’s requirements. However, this is not an absolute measure of economic growth or productivity in a country. This is because economists do not account for carbon dioxide production. Thus, the author argues that the current measures of economic progress should be replaced with measures that account for carbon emissions. Due to our lack of concern about the environ ment, the cost of living will increase constantly despite having positive economic growth. The author argues that it is a contradiction for people to pay high prices for basic commodities such as food while their countries have strong economies. This phenomenon is basic difference between earth and eaarth. ... In addition, countries have subsidies on petroleum products instead of subsidizing basic food products. High cost of living has resulted from the damages that we have caused on the environment. Unpredictable weather patterns have been a direct result of damages that modern economies have done on the environment. Floods have been a common phenomenon in some countries such as Bangladesh. According to the author, the damages that people have done on the environment initiates a series of problems that leads to lack of basic human needs. For example high carbon emissions leads to global warming leading to low rainfall and poor harvest. On the other hand, global warming leads to floods, which cause destruction of infrastructure leading to high cost of living (McKibben 110). The author argues that people concentrate on the consequences of these problems instead of addressing their roots. An immediate solution to the problem is the additional of more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere throug h economic stimulus packages offered by the government or subsidies on petroleum products. The author notes that people are gradually acknowledging the devastating effects that they have caused to the environment. This indicates that people have noticed the difference between earth and eaarth. However, people are not doing enough to restore the earth to its previous position. For instance, people have not stopped destructive behaviours such as deforestation and misuse of energy. The author also notes that consequences of environmental destruction do not affect countries according to their role in production of pollutants. Thus, pollution from America would cause problems to a country that is many miles away such as Bangladesh. This indicates that the efforts towards environmental

Friday, October 18, 2019

Final Written Project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Final Written Project - Term Paper Example Physical activity stimulates various brain chemicals that may leave an individual feel happier and more relaxed that they were before they worked out. They also look better and feel better when they exercise regularly, which can boost their confidence ajd improve their self esteem. Regular physical activity can preven depression. Physical activity prevents heart disease and osteoporosis along with other chronic diseases. Regular physical activity can help an individual prevent – or manage— high blood pressure. Your cholesterol will benefit, too. Regular physical activity boosts high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or "good," cholesterol while decreasing triglycerides. This one-two punch keeps your blood flowing smoothly by lowering the buildup of plaques in your arteries. Regular physical activity can help you prevent type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis and certain type of cancer. This ones a no-brainer. When you engage in physical activity, you burn calories. The more intense the activity, the more calories you burn — and the easier it is to keep your weight under control. You dont even need to set aside major chunks of time for working out. Take the stairs instead of the elevator. Walk during your lunch break. Do jumping jacks during commercials. Better yet, turn off the TV and take a brisk walk. Dedicated workouts are great, but physical activity you accumulate throughout the day helps you burn calories, too. With these points in mind, I realized that I need to adopt another kind of lifestyle. Me and my friends are not an avid fan or exercise. Before, we thought that exercising is just for health buffs who are spending all their precious time in the gym. However, as I read more health articles and compare a healthy living to my own, I was able to understand that exercise is imperative to a person’s well being. One of my short term goals this year is to climb Mt. Blanc with my friends. In order for me to achieve my goal, I need to prepare myself physically

Business report of Tesco Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business report of Tesco - Coursework Example Murcott (2009, pg 244)claims that the magnitude of the European typical market holds numerous prospects for companies wishing to upsurge their production, by making operational usage of markets of scale. The European Union’s food industry should also look to arouse innovation and improve new products so as to thrive. All this should be carried out in a way that is courteous for the environment and which warranties safe access to farming raw materials. Boyle (2007, pg 5) TESCO is one of the companies in the European market. It is a British firm which is headquartered in England, United Kingdom, where it operates around 1,878 outlets, and also operates stores in Asia and Europe. Tesco.com is an entirely owned subordinate offering a broad online service, inclusive of tesco.net and tescodirect.com. The firm offers a wide variety of both offline and online personal financial services. Earle, (1997, pg 168) argues that, there exist other major enterprises in the food industry located in Europe. These companies include: Kerry Group; Bakkavor; Unilever; Nestle; Barilla Group; Danone; Yoplait; Paulig; Parmalat; Ferrero SpA; and Swisslion group. To begin with, Kerry Group is a public food company that has its headquarters in Ireland. It operates in 24 republics across five continents. It has a workforce of 36000 people in its technical, sales and manufacturing centres all over the world. Additionally, it supplies 15000 and above flavour products, food ingredients and food to consumers in more than 140 nations globally. Secondly, we have the Bakkavor; its headquarters are in London, England. However, it is dominant in the United Kingdom than other places. It is specialising in freshly prepared foodstuffs and has thirty-two industrial facilities in the United Kingdom, over twenty sites in five other nations. It has a workforce of 18,000 with a turnover of 1.6 billion po unds. Rayner et al. (2008, pg 150) says that, another

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Cardio-Vascular Diseases in Women Research Paper

Cardio-Vascular Diseases in Women - Research Paper Example CVDs ranked third of all deaths that occur in women around the globe. Death rate in women due to ischemic heart diseases is 3.4 million; stroke is 3 million and rheumatic, hypertension and inflammatory heart cases accounts for 2.2 million deaths annually. Moreover women from low and middle income nation are more expected to expire after these circulation issues as compared to the developed ones. In United States, death rate among women due to these CVDs has been calculated as 1 death per minute in 2007 (Pilote et la., 2007) (Go et al., 2014)The ethnic backgrounds also have impact on this ailment. In United States, there are considerably elevated rates for the black females who are the sufferers as compared with their white correspondents i.e 286.1 out of 100,00 blacks as equated to 205.7 per 100 000 whites. The one reason for this prevelance is related to the awareness of strokes and heart diseases that has been acknowledged to be more in white as compared to blacks (Kleindorfer et a l., 2009). Furthermore women of developing countries are at higher risks for developing cardiovascular disorders than men. Some high risk diseases for these events are diabetes, as diabetic type 2 women are at higher risk for developing circulation issues as compared to men. Age is another determining factor such as young women experiencing heart attack have higher death rate as compared to their male counterparts of similar age. Disabilities and associated complications are also more in females as compared to males.

Select two manufacturing multinational firms (one from the US, one Essay

Select two manufacturing multinational firms (one from the US, one from Europe) and select two services multinational firms (one - Essay Example The discussion shall compare and contrast the internationalization process of the both sectors by discussing representative multinationals from the continents. Internationalization is perceived to be the process of enhancing organizational involvement in the international market. Unilever is based in United Kingdom and Netherlands. Unilever has an international presence lasting for decades. The internalization of the manufacturing multinational has been driven by renowned imperatives. They include growth, knowledge, efficiency, globalization of consumers and competitors. The company has a market presence in more than 150 countries and over 220, 000 employees. The company has been labeled as both multi-local and multinational because of a heavy presence in the domestic and international markets. The internationalizations strategy involved adapting local market differences. The strategic team targeted the optimal locations for product launches and resources in the foreign markets. Unli ke the internationalization plan for Barclays which involved joint-ventures with domestic firms, Unilever embarked majorly on acquisitions to expand the sphere of influence (Edwards & Rees 2006). The management believed that the company needed to have a direct response to the customers through production of superior products (Altinay & Roper 2007). A telling example is in Latin America where Unilever used the ULA strategy. The Unilever Latin America) strategy involved implementation of common processes, innovation and leadership. This caused the multinational to become the market leader in four countries in the region. However, when it came to opening branches, the Unilever tends to have shared a similar strategy with Barclays. Unilever has head offices in every foreign market location (Hill 2002). These regional branches are semi-autonomous (Boome & Riley 2011). The top level management of the multinational has been trying to review the strategy because extreme decentralizations ha ve been counterproductive in the internalization process. The strategic team is targeting the emerging and developing markets in the internationalization plan. In manufacturing sector it is easier to develop products tailored for consumers than in service sector. Therefore, the multination has been able to target different income groups (Boome & Riley 2011). Barclay’s depended on intermediaries in many emerging markets. This means most of the branches were stationed in major urban centers, where infrastructure supported. Unilever believes that a seamless international development would be effective (Altinay & Roper 2007). This company hopes to use technology to synchronize data and automate systems. The management has been countering threats in specific domestic markets while rolling out internationalization strategy. Some of the solutions have been obtained through transplant learning. Unilever has ensures that the retail stores are close the end user. Internationalization p rocess must address the complexities that arise from ineffective supply chains (Battilossi & Cassis 2002). Banking sectors in heavily dependent of technology. Barclays has been affected be unhealthy foreign laws and extreme exchange rates. Studies show that banking sectors is subject to multiple regulations (Boome & Riley 2011). Unilever has established a rapport with consumers directly.

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Cardio-Vascular Diseases in Women Research Paper

Cardio-Vascular Diseases in Women - Research Paper Example CVDs ranked third of all deaths that occur in women around the globe. Death rate in women due to ischemic heart diseases is 3.4 million; stroke is 3 million and rheumatic, hypertension and inflammatory heart cases accounts for 2.2 million deaths annually. Moreover women from low and middle income nation are more expected to expire after these circulation issues as compared to the developed ones. In United States, death rate among women due to these CVDs has been calculated as 1 death per minute in 2007 (Pilote et la., 2007) (Go et al., 2014)The ethnic backgrounds also have impact on this ailment. In United States, there are considerably elevated rates for the black females who are the sufferers as compared with their white correspondents i.e 286.1 out of 100,00 blacks as equated to 205.7 per 100 000 whites. The one reason for this prevelance is related to the awareness of strokes and heart diseases that has been acknowledged to be more in white as compared to blacks (Kleindorfer et a l., 2009). Furthermore women of developing countries are at higher risks for developing cardiovascular disorders than men. Some high risk diseases for these events are diabetes, as diabetic type 2 women are at higher risk for developing circulation issues as compared to men. Age is another determining factor such as young women experiencing heart attack have higher death rate as compared to their male counterparts of similar age. Disabilities and associated complications are also more in females as compared to males.

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Great Patriotic War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Great Patriotic War - Essay Example The Soviet Union (Filtzer, 2002) soldiers in the front lines were caught by surprise. In fact, the German army's blitzkrieg (lightning) attack easily toppled the Soviet Union soldiers in the first few months of the attack because they were surrounded, cut off from supplies, backup troops, and war materials and thereby forced to surrender to the advancing mighty German Army. German forces reached the gates of Leningrad in the North in September 1941. Germany had already overrun Smolensk in the center of Leningrad and took control of Dnepropetrovsk in the South of Leningrad. German Soldiers have reached the vicinity of Moscow, which is the Seat of Government of the Soviet Union in December of 1941. However, after months of fighting inside the big expanse of the Soviet Union territory, the German army realized that they were just humans. They had reached their maximum stamina, finally grew tired, and out of breath because the cold winter months had finally arrived. The German soldiers were not supplied with much needed food and other war supplies to fight in a winter war arena. The German army had been cut off from their supply lines because they had gone too far and deep into Soviet Union territory because Moscow is almost a thousand miles away from Berlin.It was in the autumn of 1941 that the German invading army made attempts to capture Moscow. The battle occurred between October 30, 1941 to April 20, 1942 which is one of the greatest battle wins that the Soviet Union will forever be remembered.During the autumn of 1941, around twenty eight soldiers from the 316th rifle company led by General Panfilov built a foxhole on a hill between the village of Nelidovo and Dubosekovo t o hold the German Advance to Moscow. With the use only of sub machine guns, rifles, incendiary bottles and grenades, they fought an uphill battle against twenty German tanks and infantry. Fourteen German tanks were destroyed which made the Germans retreat. The Germans then made a second attack with thirty tanks but the Moscow defenders destroyed eighteen thanks and killed and maimed many Germans. The Germans retreated for good. The Soviet Union professor Vasily Klochkov-Diev tied a rope of grenades around his waist and jumped while shouting "Russia is large, but there is no place to retreat. Moscow is behind us." under the German tanks destroying them. Other soldiers followed his example and only five Soviet soldiers survived to tell the tale of their Great Patriotic War.From October to December of 1941, thousands of residents of Moscow constructed many leveled fortifications around Moscow and also mined the roads and bridges to

Monday, October 14, 2019

Support Literacy and Numeracy Activities Essay Example for Free

Support Literacy and Numeracy Activities Essay Support literacy and numeracy activities K8 the strategies and resources used at your school for developing pupils: a reading skills b writing skills c speaking/talking and listening skills d mathematical knowledge, understanding and skills The classes in my school are of mixed ability and key stage 1 year 1 and 2 contain pupils from two adjacent year groups. Throughout the school, we use a variety of teaching styles including whole class, group and individual teaching, depending upon the task and needs of the pupils. In line with government requirements, the school lays particular emphasis upon the teaching of basic skills of reading, writing and numeracy. All children in the main school have an hour of numeracy and an hour of literacy each day but these periods are frequently supplemented by further activities leading to the development of these vital, basic skills. Strategies and resources for developing reading skills Teachers, parents and teaching assistants should all be working together to encourage pupils to enjoy and benefit from reading. The main focus of development will be through the Literacy lesson, although reading will be promoted through all areas and curriculum subjects. Shared reading This takes place in the classroom and everyone looks at a text together. The texts include various types, such as plays, fiction, non-fiction and are on a range of different subjects and themes. Guided/group reading This takes place in small groups within the class while other pupils are working independently. Individual reading This usually involves pupils quietly reading books from the classroom or library, or those used during guided reading, which pupils can read without adult support. I hear individual pupils read as much as possible as it is an important way of developing their reading skills. For those pupils who need extra help, they are taken out of the class by an assistant and have one to one time to encourage and help them with their reading. When supporting pupils reading, I use a range of strategies and check with the teacher whether any pupils have specific targets. However, it is important to involve all pupils if I am working with a group and to be aware if I have pupils who are reluctant to talk about what they are reading. I ensure I give them plenty of praise and encouragement to build up their confidence and reassure them when putting their ideas forward. Careful questioning also helps me find out about pupils understanding of texts so they can tell me what they are reading about. Strategies and resources for developing writing skills As pupils develop writing skills, they need support both in English/Literacy lessons and in other subject areas as they form basic words. I therefore need to help them with the technical aspects of writing, including spelling, grammar and handwriting. Strategies for developing writing skills can be done by carrying out shared writing activities. Using pictures and key words or phrases. Using workbooks to encourage writing skills. Strategies and resources for developing speaking/talking and listening skills Pupils who are not confident when speaking need to be aware that I value what they have to say. I can show them that I am interested by- Giving them eye-contact when they are talking to me Smiling or encouraging them to continue while they are talking Repeating back what they have told me Asking them open-ended questions to encourage them to answer in more detail I can also support pupils by allowing them time to think about and formulate ideas before they give their answers. Some pupils find it very difficult to sit quietly and listen to what others are saying. Young pupils find activities such as â€Å"carpet time† where they need to spend a long time listening to others, quite difficult or easier in a smaller group. Pupils who lack confidence in speaking and listening situations in class, for whatever reason, are given opportunities to develop these skills in smaller groups, which they find less threatening. We can develop speaking and listening skills in many different situations, not necessarily as planned events. Literacy resources I am able to identify the location of literacy resources within individual classes. These support basic writing with younger pupils for example lists of words or sound cards or may be books such as dictionaries. The school also has a range of technical resources such as computer programs and software to support literacy activities. Strategies and resources for developing mathematical knowledge, understanding and skills When working with pupils on Maths tasks, I will use different strategies to support the development of their skills. It is likely that I will adapt how I do this depending on the needs of the pupil, so I need to know about individual pupils targets for Maths. I might use some of the following strategies. Helping pupils to interpret and follow instructions Some pupils find it hard to recall instructions or follow a series of points given by the teacher. I may need to help them follow what is required. Reminding pupils of teaching points made by the teacher Some pupils may find a task challenging because of their individual learning needs or ability to focus on it. I may need to remind them about specific teaching points to enable them to continue. Questioning and prompting pupils It is likely that I will use this strategy regularly with all pupils, as they often need to be refocused or have specific questioning to redirect their hinking. Helping pupils to select and use appropriate mathematical resources I may need to prompt or encourage pupils to think about resources available to them when working on Maths activities. Explaining and reinforcing the correct use of mathematical vocabulary – to reinforce vocabulary used by the teacher, extend pupil vocabulary and check pupil s understanding of the terms used. Introducing follow-on tasks to reinforce and extend learning The teacher may have given additional tasks for pupils to work on if they have finished the initial activity. More able pupils may be asked to develop concepts and find their own objectives, but it is likely that I will still need to check these with them. Numeracy resources I know how to use any resources that I need and where they are kept. All pupils are given the opportunity to look at and explore resources before starting to use them, and some pupils may need help if they are unfamiliar with particular resources. Resources for Maths may range from measuring apparatus for length and weight to number equipment, such as number lines, cards or cubes and games to develop different Maths skills. There is also numeracy software on our computers.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

The Impact of Smoking Essay -- Health, Diseases, Lung Cancer

The Impact of Smoking The current problem with smoking in today’s society is that its not only killing peoples wallets its literally killing people themselves. In many cases around the globe older and younger men and women are dieing from lung cancer because in fact they are smokers and the tobacco companies could care less because they are making money. Smoking causes emphysema in the lungs which is a build of tar in the lungs from the chemical Nicotine found in cigarettes. Dictionary.com deffine’s smoke is the visible vapor and gases given off by a burning or smoldering substance especially the gray, brown, or blackish mixture of gases and suspended carbon particles resulting from the combustion of weed, pent, coal, or other organic material. So the real issue with smoking in the end is that its killing people in today’s society but there’s one point they can argue its there choice to smoke or not to harm themselves or stay healthy by not smoking. In return cigarette comp anies have created a new type of electric cigarettes that give the same effect but just don’t contain the harmful chemicals. Many products have been created and organizations to help smokers quit but cant simply reach out and connect with tobacco users they have patches people put on for approximately 3 weeks and it declines their need to smoke. It is up to the people to decide if they will smoke or not but its up to the tobacco companies to provide a product that will satisfy there customers and not only keep them safe but keep them loyal. Unfortunately they have not stayed loyal to a healthy product and this is a growing issue today. Smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in all people who smoke. The issue with smok... ...hey could careless about the sate of people’s health they just want to make a profit. Smoking has had many problems with people’s health state and the well being of others. So the government has created certain agencies that would otherwise help the people in a situation that involved Smoking. These agencies protect not only the health of the people but they provide support for those in need and they give stability to all who look to quit and other options if a person is struggling. Some of these agencies include the ATF, AHRQ, the IHS, and NCI the National Cancer Institute particularly pertaining to smoking and the effects of long exposure to nicotine and other harmful substances in cigarettes. One of the most important agencies is the NCI- National Cancer Institute because it directly deals with the cause and harmful effects of cancer from smoker patients.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Little Foxes Analytical Essay -- essays research papers

Every play written uses dramatic elements. The main dramatic elements are plot, character, theme, and language. Lillian Hellman, who wrote the Little Foxes, incorporates these elements beautifully in her play. The play is set during the spring of 1900 and takes place in the Deep South part of the United States of America. Just as every other play, the Little Foxes has included the dramatic elements in her play, particularly the plot, character, and language that all incorporate an underlying theme of greed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The character, which includes the physiological and psychological makeup of each person in the play, properly incorporated the greed and oppression of the time. Ben and Oscar are brothers who are possessive, scheming, and greedy individuals. These two characters make the play very interesting. Both brothers’ physiological makeup fit the play perfectly. This is because Ben tires to look like a nice guy on the outside but has only one motive that drives his character. This motive is money. He will do anything to get his cotton mill deal to go through. Then there is Oscar. He is also a lot like Ben, but on the surface not as nice. Because of these two characters, the rest of the characters feed of their hatred and ulterior motives. Another character is Leo who is a weak unprincipled son of Oscar and Birdie. This character is not emotionally strong compared to Ben or Oscar, but still has a very well written part. Birdie is then obviously Oscar’s wife. Bi rdie has one of the most complex characters in the whole play. Her psychological make up is very complex. Her character has very quick mood changes and subsequently does not seem like she has much power in the physiological makeup of the whole group. Next, there is Regina, who is married to Horace and a sister of Oscar and Ben. She undoubtedly has the most devious psychological makeup of all the other characters put together. She has a very cold heart towards her husband. This was the most thoroughly created character in the whole play although it was also the most troubled character. Every line that she said was written for a specific purpose and was usually only to help herself. Married to Regina is Horace. Horace’s character was a very weak and sick old man. Although his part was written beautifully, he should have been a bit wiser to what Regina was planing. He was almos... ...ay. The spoken language was written with a southern accent which was also very well done. All the characters also speak in their different social class styles. For example, the servants speak with very poor grammar and then on the other hand, Ben or Mr. Marshall speak in a very dignified manner. Besides the spoken language, the play has many written stage direction which almost all highlight the characters’ ideas. Since though there are so many stage directions though, one has to be careful to make sure that they all further and enhance the plot of the play. The intentions and meanings of the language also came through exceptionally clear. From the very beginning of the play, the reader knows exactly what every character’s ulterior motive is and almost every character has one. Because of the very clear character makeup, this enhances all themes, meanings, and intentions of the play and characters. Lillian Hellman, who wrote The Little Foxes, does a brilliant job of using the main dramatic elements in her play. Although there are a few weaknesses in the dramatic elements, there are not nearly enough to hinder the brilliance of the character, plot, theme, and language of the play.

Friday, October 11, 2019

Health safety and security for health and social care Essay

Potential Hazards and the Harm that may arise from each in a Health and Social Care Setting In this unit 3 assignment, I will be explaining the potential hazards and the harm that may arise from each (physical environment, equipment, infections, working conditions, working practices and security conditions) in a health and social care environment. These settings can include day centers, hospitals, health centers, schools, residential and nursing homes, private homes, and nurseries. First I will define each of them and then explain 6 hazards that may harm an individual. A hazard is something that is dangerous which can cause harm to you or any other individual and cause pain, especially if nothing is done to reduce the risk. Physical Environment Physical environment incorporates anything around ranging from different objects, people, pets, the temperature, buildings and also the air. This can have a great impact on the health of individuals and staff. If a room is not well ventilated with any windows so that there is fresh air flowing around, then the bacteria from different people with influenzas and cold can spread around the room and those germs when they sneeze or a cough can make it contagious for other people to catch very easily. Temperature is how hot or an object, subject or person is measured in degrees. Temperature can cause various complications to persons with disabilities, babies and older people because they find it difficult to sustain their body temperature, as it is very important to keep yourself wrapped up very warm to reduce the cold breeze from off of their body. It can cause bronchitis and other respiratory problems. Fumes and smoke that may be contaminated the air in the room because of fires (house fires, factory or building) or leakage (gas, petrol) can cause persons to inhale it and eventually die. Persons with very light skin who go to the beach or just going on picnics with residents or the residents themselves from within a care home may be exposing themselves to too much sun and not protecting their skin with sunblock or even a hat can which can cause skin cancer. Water that has been spilled and left on the ground can be a hazard to anyone in a care home as they may not see the water on the floor to avoid it and can slip and end up injuring themselves by damaging their spine or even fracturing their limbs. Blocked fire exists can be a hazard as it should be clear at all times in case of an emergency so that you are able to leave the building quickly. If the exits are blocked and persons try to run to that exist then they can run into the thing or even push down someone causing that indivi dual to be trampled on and fracture their ribs or have a head injury. Equipment You may find different equipment in a care home which can include overloaded sockets, wheelchairs, chairs, hot surface of a cup, broken piece of furniture, walking stick. These are equipment which is used daily in care homes. In a care, there may be certain things which you may need to plug in but overloading the sockets is not an option as the amount of energy that would be generating from the electricity can cause it to spark and go up in flames. Persons near these plugs may end up being burnt on any part of their body which may cause them to lose some of their skin or even death. Tripping over the cords if it is not properly protected by being covered over causing to cut their lips or fractures to some parts of their body or by even hitting their head onto something causing them to become unconscious and have brain damage. If persons use their wet hands to either plug in or out any plugs it can be very dangerous as they can be electrocuted these hazards may cause people to be trap ped in the building because the elderly are not able to move as quickly as they would like to. An elderly can be at risk of falling out of the wheelchair when being pushed if they are not safely secured to the chair. This may cause individuals to bruise or fracture themselves as elderly people are very fragile. If left in the way the wheelchair can cause someone to hit their feet into it causing bruising and swelling to the toes. Chairs can also be another set of hazards that can harm someone when left in the way as it can also injure their feet if they hit into it. This can cause bleeding, swelling, bruising and obviously pain to the individual’s feet. Broken equipment such as a chair that needs to be thrown out because it is weak if the chair is left in everyone’s way and one of the elderly sits in it the chair will give way causing the individual to land on the floor and have back injury or even shift their pelvis out of alignment. Sometimes these scales can be very serious and life-threatening as they will need to seek medical attention. When giving the elder ly anything that may be hot you have to be careful as it may burn their hands and they may end up dropping the tea or cup over their legs or hands causing it to scald them. This can cause blisters and charred, black or red skin. Sometimes in a care, an elderly person may be sitting down but does not put the walking stick out of anyone’s way. A carer or another elderly person may be passing and does not see the stick will end up tripping over the walking stick and hurt the elderly person’s feet causing pain and swelling to that individual and to the person that fell they may have bruising.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

High Employee Turnover Rate Within Domino’s Pizza in

Abstract: This paper will examine the high employee turnover rate in Domino's Pizza. Employee turnover attributes to bad culture and defective human resources management within the company. Yet, this paper proposes strategies that could lead to an increased in employee retention rate, recommends to aid the high turnover, and employee supervision strategies combined with other strategies regarding financial incentives. This paper also provides recommends, such as, proper planning, enforcement of regulations and appropriate training, to create a workplace that suits all its employees. This paper accepts that Motivations are the very reasons behind people’s thoughts and behaviors and that motivation is an influence that accounts for an individual’s direction, intensity, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. Motivation is the willingness to exert high levels of effort to organizational goals, conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need. This need is the internal state that makes certain outcomes appear attractive. Motivation is an influence that accounts for an individual’s direction, intensity, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal (Robbins p. 175). Domino's Pizza has always looked for new ways to reward their team members. For instance, Domino’s entertains its workers with a franchise-wide pep rally that is held once a year. Domino's began the â€Å"World's Fastest Pizza Maker† competition in 1982, honoring those who best exemplify the company's philosophy of keeping efficiency in the store; to allow sufficient time for safe delivery of the products to the consumer. Regional competitions are held across the world to determine the competitors with the fastest times. Domino's Pizza gives the winner $10,000 cash to whoever obtains the fastest time. Shopping sprees, vacation trips, and even cars are also rewarded at this event. Yet, Domino’s pizza recognizes the best way to achieve success is to first ensure the satisfaction of its team members. Treating team members exceptionally well is just one way they is committed to putting Domino’s people first. Domino’s is proud to provide a fair and comprehensive rewards package (dominos. com). Benefits which includes: Competitive salaries, Medical, dental and vision coverage, Health Spending Account, Prescription Drug Benefit, Team Achievement Dividend (performance bonus), Partners Foundation (team member assistance) ,Above-average paid holiday program, 401(k) Matching Program, Employee stock purchase discount plan, Company-paid life insurance, Tuition reimbursement, National corporate discounts, Legal services, lastly Adoption assistance. On the contrary, with all that Domino's Pizza provides to their â€Å"team member† this year employee turnover was 260%. Even though, in modern society, motivation is still considered a contentious issue within management circles and within companies. It is believed that successful companies have employees who are motivated and believe in the mission. Even though, some theorists like Herzberg believe that money is not a positive motivator, a lack of it can de-motivate. I believe pay systems are designed to motivate employees. Financial rewards are regarded as a key factor in workplace motivation; however, additional factors such as work appreciation, variety, and security remain just as important. These factors can best be described as work outcomes which are a result of employee inputs. Adams’ equity theory identifies both inputs and outcomes as the two primary components in the employee-employer exchange (Kinicki & Kreitner 2007, p. 242). However, it is important to remember that pay is only one element of motivation and will work best where management gives attention to developing good management and supervision, designing jobs, and organizing work groups to make jobs satisfying. Providing feedback to staff about their performance along with training and development makes effective arrangements for communications and consultation within the company. All the same, Domino's Pizza has faced a very high employee turnover rate of 200% this year. The company's turnover rate reached 199. 9% in 2009. In the food industry, this turnover rate is not unusual, as turnover of 200% rate has been registered by other companies in this field. Domino's CEO started to focus on the company's human resources, by implementing certain strategies, like: improving store managers' workplace quality, improving personnel selection, recruitment, and retention methods, or using financial incentives. However, the key factor in retaining employees is to ensure that there is substantial scope for job enrichment. Since individuals differ in their motivation drive, there is not right or wrong method that will enforce a productive workforce. An individual will consider that he or she is treated fairly if he or she perceives the ratio of his or her inputs to his or her outcomes to be equivalent to those around him or her. The equity theory of motivation is based on the fact that people are motivated first to achieve and then to maintain a sense of equity (wikipedia. org). Equity refers to the allocation of rewards in direct parity to the contribution of each employee to the organization. Within Domino’s, each employee perceives their contribution in differing levels. For example, pizza-makers and telephone operators provide similar inputs as delivery drivers; however, the delivery drivers receive less financial reward creating inequity. Mcshane and Travaglione (2007, p. 154) suggest that employees will experience an emotional tension when they perceive inequities, and, when sufficiently strong, the tension motivates them to reduce the inequities. There are numerous methods that an employee can employ to correct inequity feelings. These include reducing inputs, increasing outcomes, changing perceptions, or changing the comparison other. Ultimately, if these methods do not obtain the desired outcomes, an employee will become de-motivated and may quit their occupation (Mcshane and Travaglione p. 154). An organization’s employee turnover does not solely depend on the input-to-output ratio alone – it also depends on the comparison between the input-to output ratios of employees fulfilling a similar position, Chapman (2007). An explanation of employee inputs and outputs will be used to identify the perceived equity or inequity of an employee within Domino’s. This will provide a better understanding of how Adams’ theory affects employee turnover.

Act 3 Scene 5 dramatic in romeo and juliet Essay

The play Romeo and Juliet is set in Verona, Italy, in the 1600s. During this time violence and rivalry had been common around rival families; fighting and feuding because of their differences. Discipline was an issue in a household. Rules and regulations were to be obeyed and if one chose to break the authority, their sins would have to be confessed to the church. Religion was very important to a catholic family. Going to church and praying was an obligation. Parents had a strict conduct at the time. Weddings were arranged usually by the father of the household; mainly choosing a wealthy man to suit his daughter. Most children from rich and influential families were cared for by a Wet Nurse; normally a lady who had lost a child previously so she would care for another child as if it were her own. As Juliet grew up her wet nurse became a very important figure in her life. William Shakespeare creates tension when Capulet sends Lady Capulet to Juliet’s room to tell her of the marriage they have planned for her. The audience knows that Romeo and Juliet are married and actually in bed together. The audience wonders if the lovers will get caught. As Romeo and Juliet are lying together in Juliet’s chamber they discuss whether it is morning or night. †It is not yet near day: it was the nightingale, and not the lark†. Juliet is pretending that it is not morning, all the while Lady Capulet is on the way to her room. Juliet’s nurse breaks the atmosphere of tension when she warns that Lady Capulet is approaching the room. †Your lady mother is coming to your chamber, the day is broke, be wary, look about†. Romeo escaped out through the window just in time. †Farewell farewell, one kiss and I’ll descend† When Lady Capulet enters Shakespeare uses dramatic irony to cause confusion and misunderstanding between Juliet and her mother. †Indeed I shall never be satisfied with Romeo, till I behold him- dead†. Lady Capulet believes Juliet wants Romeo dead, however the audience is aware of the truth; Juliet’s heart is dead without Romeo. When Capulet enters he speaks kindly to Juliet at first but becomes insulting and violent. Shakespeare is the master of the Elizabethan insult. This makes the scene extremely dramatic for the audience. Capulet threatens Juliet †hang thee young baggage, disobedient wretch, I tell thee what, get thee to church a’ Thursday, or never after look me in the face†. Juliet’s father is confused at how his daughter isn’t thankful for the marriage arrangement he has made for her and takes it personally which makes him react unsympathetically. Lady Capulet stands back and watches, not wanting to help her daughter from unrestrained fathers anger. Juliet pleads with her mother to call the wedding off but she refuses to interfere. †Talk not to me for I’ll not speak a word, do as thou wilt, for I have done with thee†. The audience would feel pity for Juliet, as a parent deserting their child is a very dramatic statement. The nurse is aware of Juliet’s grief and hopelessness and she suggests that Juliet marries Paris even though this will be bigamy. †I think it best you married with the county, o he’s a lovely gentlemen†. Juliet is discomforted at her nurse’s proposal so she goes to see Friar Laurence to see if there is anything he could do to stop herself from marrying Paris. Juliet then states that if this fails she will kill herself. †Ill to friar to know his remedy, if all else fail, myself have power to die† this is a self-fulfilling prophecy, which the audience will understand because it was mentioned in the prologue. The fact that the audience knows that the ‘star-crossed lovers’ will die creates a dramatic atmosphere. Shakespeare makes act 3 scene 5 dramatic through the use of many techniques viz: dramatic irony; the creation of suspense; the use of insults and the prophetic prologue. All of this would have ensured that an Elizabethan theatre audience were sat on the edge of their seats throughout the dramatic and exciting performance. Of this, Shakespeare’s most famous tragedy.

Wednesday, October 9, 2019

Analysis of Investment and Risk Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Investment and Risk - Assignment Example In applying the methods of mitigating risk, making a portfolio is one of them which is, in fact, the most suitable and widely used methods in the entire investment industry (Cinnamon & Larsen, 2006). 1) Making of Efficient Portfolios comprising of 10 stocks in total. The companies which have been chosen for this purpose are BG Group, BHP Billion, BP, Barclays, British American Tobacco, HSBC, Glaxo Smith, Glencore, Unilever, Tesco. a) Short selling is one of the noteworthy activities of investment, which means to sell the assets without having its physical possession. The first part of assignment requires making a portfolio with including short selling allowed. For this purpose, following tabular data has been covered: From the tabular formation given above, it can be seen that lots of fluctuation are there among the mean return and standard deviation. The portfolio made with this particular stance would yield a return of 0.72% and a risk level of 3.53%. In this table, it can be found that short selling is not allowed; hence, an investor cannot take any position for a stock which has negative return. The portfolio return is 0.958% with standard deviation with the same 3.53% level. c) In this part, the return would be the same as in the section â€Å"b† because short selling is not allowed and 25% can be allotted to a single share. From this particular analysis, it can be said that the portfolio, which has been made without short selling, would yield the higher proportion of return in lesser risk adoption as compared to the portfolio in which short selling is allowed. In this scenario, in which portfolio has been diversified between 8 stocks and 2 stocks Coca-Cola and Google have been given 0 proportions. The average return of this portfolio is 0.822% with the same level of risk as illustrated above. From the analysis, it can be easily found that there are four stocks, which are above the level of CML; while other 6 stocks are located below the CML; hence there are only four stocks that can fill the gap of capital of an investor, while all other asset or shares would come below the level of average return.

Tuesday, October 8, 2019

Summary of a scientific article Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of a scientific article - Assignment Example Through different sampling and harvesting techniques, levels of nitrogen and phosphorus were analyzed through soil samples and harvesting flora. The scientists were looking at how the different interactions of shrubs played a role in the levels of nutrients in the soil. They then had samples planted in respective areas in order to determine how different conditions might play a role in the nutrient levels of the soil which effect future growth. These questions were addressed through biochemical analysis. Then statistical data was run in the form of repeated measures ANOVA in order to determine statistical significance of the raw data. They were able to see that there was significance in portions of the data when the biochemical assays were analyzed. There was a correlation between certain shrubs and the amount of nutrients that are found in the specific sample sizes. What this is able to show is that in territorial reclamation of a plant species after devastation, such as a fire, can be important when trying to rebuild an ecosystem. It also serves as a model for both exotic and domestic species.

Sunday, October 6, 2019

Do violent video games cause behaviour problems Essay

Do violent video games cause behaviour problems - Essay Example Kids, teens and adults all play these games and enjoy to the hilt, but various studies have shown that such violent game play affects the human mind rather severely. Teens suffering from various peer problems take out their frustration over these games and become more and more holed up by being in front of their computers or Playstation the whole day. Although video games are a great and innovative invention, every technology has its positive and negative aspects. Parents should guide their children in the correct manner to help them stay unaffected by the fictional world they are shown in these games. Also, the game makers at large should also keep in mind the dire aspects of their games and try and mellow them down a bit. As so many youngsters swear by such video games, they are a great way of teaching them so many useful things by developing games with a more practical storyline, and which involve something much more than just people blowing their heads

Saturday, October 5, 2019

Aboriginal studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Aboriginal studies - Essay Example Anon (no date) racismnoway.com [online search portal] Accessed online May 06, 2008 at: http://searchportal.information.com/index.mas?epl=00860032VFAXVE0DWlgVVRBeVwMAFQVbC1YKW1kADFAISllXWBZYWg1PWBwdVw5dRAZADBJDDkRbWAVTEQA_XFEFDgMIUQ An online search portal for issues and resources connected to racism. The site is appropriate for supervised use for older or advanced students. It is heavily text-based, so is less appropriate for indigenous students than non-indigenous students. Board of Studies NSW (2007) Affirmations of Identity: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Visual Artists Resource Kit - Teacher’s Handbook. Retrieved May 06, 2008, from: http://ab‑ed.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/go/aboriginal‑art/affirmations‑of‑identity#gallery Contents cover eight new units of workdesigned to cover the NSW Visual Arts Years 7‑10 Syllabus (2003). â€Å"These units provide opportunities for students to study a range of artworks made by Indigenous artists using traditional and contemporary practices, and to investigate how ideas and interests are represented in artmaking and in critical and historical interpretations art.† The units are appropriate for both indigenous and non-indigenous learners. The role of art in the traditional culture of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples is highlighted. This resource can also be used for cross-subject units such as geography and visual art. Board of Studies NSW (2007) Affirmations of Identity: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Visual Artists Resource Kit - References and further reading on contemporary Indigenous art in Australia. Retrieved May 06, 2008, from: http://ab‑ed.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/go/aboriginal‑art/affirmations‑of‑identity#gallery The bibliography contains information on a wide variety of resources for teachers of year 6-12 visual art and aboriginal studies. Resources are listed by format and include: syllabuses and support documents, government reports, educational

Friday, October 4, 2019

Career management in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Career management in business - Essay Example The new career provides an opportunity for employees, to develop self-driven feelings for career development. The employee would decide on a career in one’s own time, other than getting a push against one’s will (Yunnal 2012, pg 56). The new career is dynamic and unpredictable. This is because of the many complicated systems available with no boundaries. The old career appeared to be stable and with little complication. The little complication in the system reduced confusion in planning. It was easier to forge a new career once the organization has provided the opportunity. As mentioned above, the old career structure emphasized on organizational decision on career choices. The structure, thus, instituted tension between the workers and the organization. The tension that existed interfered with the workers efficiency and delivery. Responsibility laying in the organization, gave the employers too much power over their workers. In conclusion, the difference in the two eras is in the structure. The old era placed responsibility of career change in the organization, while the new era places responsibility in the individuals (Mathis & Jackson 2011, pg 34). Boundary-less career refers to a situation where real career passes the boundary of one employer. As a result, the employee would end up having a career with several changes in employers and occupation. This a common practice that has gained favor in the 21st century, with many people opting to pursue their careers in such a manner (Inkson & King 2010, pg 37-57). The new careers have a difference in operation from the traditional careers. In addition, the new careers have an increased mobility that surrounds the organizational boundaries. From studies, the new careers mainly lay emphasis on the permeability aspects of the organizational boundaries. Therefore, there is a widely registered complexity in dealing with contemporary careers (Inkson & King 2010, pg 37-57). In the

Thursday, October 3, 2019

Changes in Children- Birth Essay Example for Free

Changes in Children- Birth Essay Before six months the main reason why a child’s emotion and emotional expression is different is due to the brain not being fully mylinated. As the child ages past the first month, their frontal cortex begins to advance as increasing neurological development is starting and beginning to modify and transform the operations of the in-built emotional expressions (Wilson, 2003, p. 55). Suffering, pain, joy, fear and interest are among the first emotions that an infant express. These primary emotions are important as this is a child’s first way of showing and communicating with adults their needs. It is for the reason of communication we must look at our primary emotions as a human survival mechanism, as these are involuntary and in- built features all children are born with (Wilson, 2003, p. 55). All primary emotions are all expressed in the same manner, which raises the question as to whether emotions are all universal; that emotions are genetic, or that all cultures share mutual background features. There are 2 main theories on emotional development; discrete emotions theory and a structural approach (Wilson, 2003, p. 48). Izard, Tomkins, Ekman are the leaders of discrete emotions theory. These theorists proclaimed that emotion had 3 components; physiological, behavioural and subjective. These emotions where present from birth and could be seen by studying facial expressions of infants. The results and information these theorists where gaining agreed with Darwin that these expressions where the same in all culture and must be an in-built neural feature. As humans age our primary emotions network with cognition and form ‘cognitive affected structures’, this is how secondary emotions are developed discrete emotions theory (Wilson, 2003, p. 49). This theory can be applied to my own family, as recently there was a sudden death of my aunt, as a result we had family members calling from different parts of Australia and the world calling to offer their condolences and support to our family. This reaction to a death of a family member is universal. The structural development approach see’s development as holistic. This approach states that all systems interact with each other and the environment with emphasis on the social environment. The environment play a large factor in the development of children, but theorists cannot deny genetic is also a large contributor. Sroufe a theorist states that all emotions have antecedent. In Sroufe’s theory in the first 6 months of an infant’s life emotional ancestor can also be physiological states and not recognised as emotions, and that secondary emotions build from there (Wilson, 2003, p. 50). By the age of two, a toddler’s brain contains more neurons than an adult and has twice the amount of connections between these cells. It has been linked that that as a toddler’s brain contains more neurons that they need more rest then adults for their brain’s to function fully. During this time more neurons die and more connections are pruned throughout brain in the first three years of life than other stage of life. The leading element of the development of expressions of emotion in the child’s environment is the carer and the care the child receives. Emotional deprivation occurs when children who are not had consistent warm emotional relationships as a young child, this leads to their secondary emotions being weak. Children who have suffered from emotional deprivation are targets for exploitation and paedophiles as they have ‘affection hunger’ (Wilson, 2012 slide, 8) A child in the toddlerhood has additionally reached a point where they have developed a sense of self. The maturation of the frontal lobes and the limbic circuit in the brain is the cause for the development of a toddler achieving a sense of self. As a result of the toddlers sense of self they are able to show empathy and can affectively communicate and label their emotions to their peers and adults. This allows a child to say ‘I am mad or sad’ instead of crying and having a tantrum, although toddlers still react in this manner they can communicate there emotions more effectively (â€Å"Emotional development†, 2006,. ara 7). From two to six years of age is early childhood. It is at this stage in a child’s life they have developed motor skills that enable them to become more self-sufficient and self-controlled. Children are creating friendships and being more engrossed in playtime such as; painting pictures which creates symbolic expression. There is an incr easing need for the carer to engage with the toddler by conversing and meeting the child’s social, cognitive and emotional needs, their perspectives, and interests. The child’s ability to tell stories is a way of understanding their perspectives (â€Å"Hearing young children’s voices,† nd, p. 19). Through a greater understanding of the world around them a child develop and understanding that the world didn’t revolve around them and that nothing was as simple as they one thought it was. During the age of 2-6 most children attend preschool, which gives young children a great understand about display rules. By attending preschool it gives young children an understanding about how to express their emotions in an appropriate way in all contexts of life ranging from family, school and society. Toddlers may learn how to appropriately express their emotions but influences from their family still have a great impact on their expression. The preschool is a system, with rules, boundaries, and expectations. It is important for children to know where they stand and by placing them in a system such as preschool whilst they are developing their emotional expression allows them to shine. For children in good environments the control of emotional expression accelerates from 3 to 5 years (Wilson, 2003, p132). From the age of six to eight children become aware of the difference between expressing emotion and feeling it. This affectively allows the child to manage their emotional expression by reflecting on their emotions; this is an emotional coping skill children learn in order to avoid negative attention or experiences such as bullying. Although, school age children are becoming more exposed to the wider world new challenges are arising such as, fears of failing or poor academic result in school as many children are put under presser from parents to achieve high grades (Berk, 2009, p. 410). When the child reaches ten years of age their expression of emotions is likely to have significantly enhanced. At this age most children have developed a set of techniques for controlling their expressions of emotion. General strategies are problem centred coping, they are able to identify the challenge, asses and solve issues that may arise. If problem solving is not successful the child may adopt emotion-centred coping that is private and internal (Berk, 2009, p. 410). An external influence has also been heightened during this period such communicating with their peers on how to deal with the situation. Children at this age are able to justify circumstances and actions or â€Å"reconstruct scenarios to make them seem less upsetting emotionally† (â€Å"Emotional development†, 2006,. para. 11). By age eleven, the child has began to integrate inner standards of excellence and good behaviour with self-conscious emotions; their internal strategies are starting to be utilised for self-regulating, and a shift from problem centred and emotion centred coping has taken place and there social etiquette of expressing emotions has improved (Berk, 2009, p. 416). In adolescents emotions are still forming. Most children reach adolescence rom eleven to twenty years. During this time an adolescent is trying to create distance from their family and form their independence. Peer pressure may appear to be irresistible regardless of the adolescence’s inner feelings, as it full fills their need for acceptance and desire to ‘fit it’. Emotional expression and even the adole scence’s inner feelings may alter on the way they react to certain stimuli or events, when in the context of groups, this can be seen in how a adolescent reacts on a school excursion to how they react out with their peers on the weekend at a movie theatre. Wilson, 2003, p. 176-77). Young adolescences’ endure peer group contexts where their expression of emotion is displayed in the environment of peer norms. Each child is an individual as they have been brought up in different backgrounds. In turn their fundamental feelings have been restricted although they have acquired the display associated with emotion. In example some adolescences may display in anger in what they have seen of anger, with the increase in aggression used television shows and in movies adds to the range of anger an adolescent cane use (Wilson, 2003, pp176-77). In certain circumstances some adolescences exhibition emotions that they may not feel or more emotions than felt, this is present in children of younger age groups but, is more dominant in adolescences. Adolescence is known as a period of storm and stress. Social, cognitive and environmental factors are a large contribution of how the adolescences expression of emotion will inevitably mature. During adolescence the social problems become more complex and they chose to talk to their peers to offer help to overcome this situation (â€Å"Emotional development†, 2006,. para. 12). Children who have been deprived have complex expressions of emotions, and on top of the struggle with complicated emotions that arise during adolescents put’s these children at greater strain. Adolescents according to Piaget are self- focusing. Piaget believed that during adolescence a new form of egocentrism formed as adolescents could not separate the difference between their thoughts and others thoughts. There were 2 main ways this could be explained, through self-audience and personal fable. Self -audience is when an adolescent believes they are the emphasis of everyone’s attention. It is through self-audience that adolescents may feel extremely self-conscious and aware of themselves. Self fable is when an adolescent feels that people are always giving them attention and watching them, this is similar to what a toddler may think but by this stage an adolescent should know that they can not always be the centre of attention. When an adolescent is not receiving they believe is due it leads to them being upset and moody. (Berk, 2009, p. 252) As human beings everyone develops their emotion expression at various time of their life. As we age and mature so do our emotions and expressions, how an infant reacts to a range of emotions compared to a 20 year old will be absolutely different, this may be due to the culture they have been brought up in or they have learned display rules. As seen throughout this essay emotional development does not occur in isolation but in some rare circumstances it does, there are many cognitive, neurological and behavioural influences interact with emotional, social and cultural influences. References Berk, L. (2009). Child development (8th ed. Person International Edition Colman,A. (2009), Oxford Dictionary of Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press Emotional development . (2006). Retrieved from http://www. education. com/reference/article/emotional-development/ Hearing young children’s voices, (n. d). Retrieved from http://www. children. act. gov. au/documents/PDF/under5report. pdf Wilson, L. (2003), The Emotional Life of Children. National Library of Australia: Charles Sturt University. Wilson, L. (2012). Lecture3: dependence needs of children [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from in class on the 17/07/2012